MICROSOFT SQL SERVER:

                     It is a Relational Database Management Systems developed by 

Microsoft. As a Database Server, it is a software product with the primary 

function of storing and retrieving of the data as requested by other Software 

Applications. Some of the Examples of SQL Server are:

ORACLE,  IBMDB2 , JAVA DB, etc.,

History::Of::SQL SERVER::

                      The  original SQL SERVER code was developed in the 1980's by the former Sybase Inc., which is now owned by SAP. Sybase initially built the software to run on UNIX systems and minicomputer platforms. It, Microsoft and Ashton-Tate Corp., then the leading vendor of PC databases, teamed up to produce the first version of what become Microsoft SQL Server, designed for the OS/2 Operating system and released in 1989.

Ashton-Tate stepped away after that, but Microsoft and Sybase continued their partnership until 1994, when Microsoft took over all development and marketing of SQL Server for its own Operating Systems .The year before, with the Sybase  relationship starting to unravel, Microsoft had also made the software available on the new released Windows NT after modifying the 16-Bit OS/2 code base to create a 32-Bit implementation with added new features ; it focused on the windows code going forward . In 1996, Sybase renamed its version Adaptive Server Enterprise, leaving the SQL Server name to Microsoft.

What is meant by Database?

                           

           Database is a systematic collection of data. It support storage and manipulation of data. Databases makes Data management easily. 

             

COMPONENTS OF SQL SERVER:

             Here Components means in this case a part of Machine in sql server we had a different types of performances . Some of those components are:

• DATABASE SERVICES
• REPORTING SERVICES
• ANALYSIS SERVICES
• INTEGRATION SERVICES, etc.,

Firstly we'll discuss about 

    1.  DATABASE SERVICES :                          
                             

                        It will stores Data and it will transacts online processing and by these we can create database and  it controls data storage, processing and security. It includes a relational engine that processes commands and queries, and a storage engine that manages database files, tables, pages, indexes, data buffers and transactions. Stored procedures, triggers, views and other database objects are also created and executed by the Database Engine.

Competitors:: ORACLE, SYBASE, DB2, SAPHANA, MY SQL, INGRESS, etc.,

    

    2. REPORTING SERVICES :

                          It is used for reporting purpose, it is a server-based report generating software from Microsoft and it is a part of Microsoft SQL server services. 

Competitors:: CRYSTAL REPORTS, INFORMATICA, QUICKVIEW, TABLEAU,etc.,

    3. ANALYSIS SERVICES :

                          Analysis is a service which helps to manage the historical data of the Organisations for example by Estimating the sales in one company they can use through this Analysis services by the gathering of previous years reports and by that they can easily analyse the Solution.

Competitors:: ORACLE, SAP

   4. INTEGRATION SERVICES :

                          Integration Service means it is a platform for building enterprise-level data integration and work flow applications. You use Integration services to solve complex business problems by copying or downloading files, and updating data warehouses, cleaning and mining data, and managing SQL Server objects and data. And also it helps to Manage Extract Transform Load(ETC). 

Competitors:: DATA STORAGE, MICRO STRATEGY

::: SECURITY :::

                        In security frame work we had different levels of Hierarchy. They are

•    WINDOWS LEVEL
•    SQL  SERVER LEVEL
•    DATA BASE LEVEL

           At WINDOWS SCOPE, We create  windows user and groups to access the instance.

           At SERVER SCOPE, We manage logins, endpoints and databases .

          At DATA BASE SCOPE , We work with users, keys, certificates, roles, assemblies,schema and other objects.

::: PRINCIPALS :::

                      The scope of principal depends on scope of the definition of principal .WINDOWS, SQL SERVER, DATA BASE and all are whether indivisible or  a collection. for example windows login  is an example of indivisible principal and a windows group is an example of principal collection. Every principal had a security identifier.

Windows Level Principals:
Windows Domain Login/ Group
Windows Local Login/ Group

SQL Server Level Principals:
SQL Server Login

Database Level Principals:  
Database User
Database Role
Application Role

:::::FIXED SERVER ROLES:::::

                      SQL server provides nine fixed server roles. The permissions that are granted to the server roles are fixed and cannot be changed. SQL Server provides server level roles to helps you manage the permissions on a server. They are:

BULK ADMIN------Members of this role can perform bulk inserts on all databases
DB CREATOR------Members of this role can Create/Alter/Drop/Restore databases
DISK ADMIN------Can manage disk files for the database and server,backups

PROCESS ADMIN-Members of this role can manage and terminate the process

SERVER ADMIN---Members of this role can change server-wide configurations 
SETUP ADMIN-----Members of this role can Add/Remove linked Servers
SECURITY ADMIN-Members of this role can create/Manage logins,Permissions
SYSTEM ADMIN --Members of this role have full control on all tasks in a instance 

DATABASE LEVEL SECURITY :

                       Instance level security only gives Authentication. Database level security grants Authorization at the database level. Principals at DB level are users , Roles(DB, App)  Through the users Logins mapped to the Databases . For every Login contains one dedicated User and both SID's should be same in a Database.

Default Users At DB Level are :

1. dbo: 

                            DBO user  is the database owner in the database . DBO schema is used by dbo user  is the default schema in  SQL Server database .
                 In This DBO the users can access into their data without specifying the owner name before the object name.

     2. guest:

                          Guest is a default user present after database  creation . Any user can access database with  GUEST Account enabled.

   3.INFORMATION_SCHEMA :

                 The Information_schema views allow you to retrieve meta data about the objects with in a database .These views can be found in the master database under views/ system views and can be called from any database in your Sql server instance.

  4. sys :

                 All the system objects will be hold by sys  in database.